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- DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
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- Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789
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- The representatives of the French people, organized as a National
- Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of
- the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of
- the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a
- solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of
- man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all
- the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of
- their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative
- power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared
- at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political
- institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order
- that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple
- and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of
- the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore
- the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence
- and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights
- of man and of the citizen:
-
- Articles:
-
- 1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social
- distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
-
- 2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of
- the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights
- are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
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- 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the
- nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which
- does not proceed directly from the nation.
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- 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which
- injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights
- of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other
- members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These
- limits can only be determined by law.
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- 5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society.
- Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no
- one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.
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- 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has
- a right to participate personally, or through his representative,
- in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it
- protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of
- the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public
- positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and
- without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
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- 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in
- the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one
- soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed,
- any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned
- or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as
- resistance constitutes an offense.
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- 8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are
- strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer
- punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law
- passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.
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- 9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been
- declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all
- harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's
- person shall be severely repressed by law.
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- 10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions,
- including his religious views, provided their manifestation does
- not disturb the public order established by law.
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- 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the
- most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may,
- accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall
- be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be
- defined by law.
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- 12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen
- requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore,
- established for the good of all and not for the personal
- advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.
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- 13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance
- of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This
- should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in
- proportion to their means.
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- 14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally
- or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public
- contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is
- put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of
- collection and the duration of the taxes.
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- 15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an
- account of his administration.
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- 16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured,
- nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.
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- 17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one
- shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally
- determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition
- that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.
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-
- The above document was written by The Marquis de Lafayette,
- with help from his friend and neighbor, American envoy to France,
- Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette, you may recall, had come to the
- Colonies at age 19, been commissioned a Major General, and was
- instrumental in the defeat of the British during the American
- Revolutionary War. He considered one special man his 'father':
- George Washington.
-
- French King Louis XVI signed this document, under duress, but
- never intended to support it. Indeed, the Revolution in France
- soon followed, leading to the tyrannical rule of Napolean
- Bonaparte.
-
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- Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net - aa300)
- Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the
- National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN).
-
- Permission is hereby granted to download, reprint, and/or otherwise
- redistribute this file, provided appropriate point of origin
- credit is given to the preparer(s) and the National Public
- Telecomputing Network.
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